Urban Legend of the Goatman Essay example -- Urban Legends

Goatman Version 1--Montgomery County, MarylandIt seemed from my story-collection that nearly everyone knows of some urban legend, but I found one story to be especially interesting because it is a relatively famous legend that has roots here in Maryland. The story of The Goatman has a number of variations, as with most urban legends. My roommate told me that he setoff heard the story from his parents when he was ab away 12 years old. He suspected that it was belike a joking attempt to scare him from playing outdoors so late at night because the sound of the basketball dribbling in the driveway would keep his parents awake. According to his parents, the Goatman was located in the suburbs of Montgomery County (his home), which was probably a detail that his parents modified to make the story scarier. He told a indication that took place in Prince Georges County because he had more recently heard this version from someone whom he was unable to remember.The manner in which he recount ed the legend was not in a mysterious and suspenseful tone usually utilise to tell such stories at campfires. He began the story by describing the Goatmans appearanceIts a half-man, half-goat creature, with the upper body of a man, horns, a glossy-haired face, and two legs like a goat, kind of like a Devil. It was created in a secret government genetics-type experiment that went wrong. pause It got out of its cage, which was really bad because its as smart as a human but has no conscience, like an animal. The Goatman has been creeping around at night for years. It kills family pets that are left out at night and attacks people who see him, and it has been able to stay hidden so well because it is so smart.He did not mention where the creature was c... ... forbidding to domesticated animals. Variations in the origin of the creature can offer different moral messages within the story, as well. For example, the version of the story that explains the Goatman as the ghost of a deform ed outcast of an old Indian tribe demonstrates the consequences for mistreating and abandoning members of our own species. Also, the fact that this sacred, spiritual land has been overbuilt by a college campus represents mankinds over expenditure of, and lack of respect for natures resources. The storytelling of the Goatman may have the simple purpose of entertainment for the audience, but like most legends, the stories are likely ground on some true event(s), and the way that these events evolve into stories of the uncanny reflect the intention to convey some sort of moral message. Works Citedwww.puportal.comwww.wikipedia.com

Internet Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Internet links people together via reckoner terminals and telephone lines(and in some cases wireless radio connections) in a web of networks and divided software. This allows users to communicate with one anotherwherever they are in the net." This Internet link began as the United Statesmilitary project Agency Network progress Research (ARPANET) duringthe Vietnam War in 1969. It was developed by the United StatesDepartment of Defenses (DOD) research people in conjunction with variouscontractors and universities to canvass the probability of a communicationnetwork that could survive a nuclear attack. For the first decade that theInternet was in existence, it was primarily used to facilitate electronic mail,support on line discussion groups, allow access to distant databases, andsupport the transfer of files between g everywherenment agencies, companies anduniversities. Today over 15 gazillion people in the United States andapproximately 25 million people worldwide access the Internet regularly,including children. Many parents believe that depriving their children of theopportunity to learn computer skills and access the knowledge available onthe Internet would give them a distinct techno logical disadvantage as theyenter the twenty first century. Portelli and Mead carry by the year 2002, thereported number of children who access the Internet from home is projectedto increase from the current 10 million to 20 million (6). In addition to homeaccess, Poretelli and Meads further stated that as of 1997 the percentage ofUnited States schools that offered Internet access as a part of their regularcurriculum was over sixty percent. There were over nine thousand publiclibraries across America in 1997, sixty percent of these offered on-lineaccess to its users (7). In escort of this information, one can concluded that theon-line percentage for both schools and libraries has increased notably since1997 and the number continues to grow as more of these facilit ies plug inand log on." Whether at home, at school, or at the public library, children areaccessing the Internet. The word children is somewhat ambiguousconsidering the range of ages that it encompasses. For instance, eighteen isthe normally accepted age at which a child reaches legal adulthood therefore,children would refer to any age between birth and seventeen. Porterfie... ...n. February 1999. 2 Cummins, H. J.War Games - Are Video Games No distinct Than Military TrainingSimulations? Are We Teaching Our Children To Kill ? Minneapolis StarTribune. January 1999. 1E Denerstein, Robert. Into the Heart of Darkness -Two Killers Lived in Suburbs, But Inhabited Their Own Twilight World.capital of Colorado Rocky Mountain News. April 1999. 31A Durkin, Keith F. Misuseof the Internet by Pedophiles Implications for Law Enforcement andProbation Practice. Federal Probation. September 1997. 14-18 Groves,Howard. Conduct of Life. Christian Science Monitor. 16 March 1999 24CD-ROM. UMI- EBSCOh ost. April. 1999 Madden, Lisa. What DangersLurks Behind that Screen. New Hampshire Business Review. 15 August1999 14 CD-ROM. UMI- EBSCOhost. April. 1999 Sources Cited Portelli,Christopher J. And Mead, Coralie W. Censorship and the Internet - NoEasy Answers. Contemporary Womens Issues. October 1998 4-8CD-ROM. UMI- EBSCOhost. April. 1999 Porterfield, Deborah. AskParents wherefore They Want a Computer and Youll Hear... Gannett NewsService. June 1997. CD-ROM. UMI- EBSCOhost. April. 1999 Rushkoff,Douglas. Are Screenagers Wiser Than Adults ? USA Weekend. June1999. 12

Gender Emergence in England’s History Essay -- European History

Gender Emergence in Englands History Historicizing Patriarchy The Emergence of Gender Difference in England, 1660-1760 by Michael McKeon is a powerful and original hypothesis as to how and why the modern system of gender difference was established during the English Restoration and eighteenth century (295). McKeon, a professor of English literature at Rutgers University is also the author of several essays, including Politics and Poetry in Restoration England and Origins of the English Novel. McKeon uses the term patriarchalism because it attaches itself to a handed-down regime which will in later centuries be replaced by the modern conception of gender (296). This term is mainly identified with as traditional because it is not normally questioned nor objected to people interpret it as the natural order of things. McKeons patriarchal system is founded on the belief that there was a hierarchical view of authority which existed not only in Britains government, but in the family as well. The oldest male figure of the household was most often looked upon as the leader he simultaneously played the roles of father, husband, and ruler of the house. His word was absolute law for the family. As with most issues, there are two sides. Parliamentarian Henry Parker and feminist Mary Astell disagreed on more issues, including whether the family and state were both founded on the concept of absolute power. However, they both agree on the continued plausibility of the analogy between family and state (297). So, although many critics do not feel comfortable with absolute power being the ruling force of family and state, they do agree that there is a direct correlational statistics between them. Debates continued until arou... ...es embraced it sooner than others. The ideology and rationale are there, yet this change has many exceptions and abstractions which will not allow historians to fully confirm their thesis. there are many overlapping levels of experience, class, and gender that encompass a broad sexual, political, economic, cultural, and intellectual range. A good metaphor that McKeon uses throughout the essay to compare gender to a web from which other lifestyles stem. McKeon cleverly sums up his argument by stating that it is therefore a determinant regime in that it establishes the outer limits of our experience, and it is under the aegis of difference that we formulate our efforts to go beyond it (316). Works CitedMcKeon, Michael. Historicizing Patriarchy The Emergence of Gender Difference in England, 1660-1760. Eighteenth-Century Studies vol. 28, no. 3, 1995 295-322.

I have been asked to investigate how the temperature of an experiment E

I have been asked to investigate how the temperature of an test affects the rate of reaction. In the experiment I will do it as the temperature of the hydrochloric acid.How Does the Temperature Affect the Rate of Reaction?IntroductionI have been asked to investigate how the temperature of an experimentaffects the rate of reaction. In the experiment I will do it as thetemperature of the hydrochloric acid.Reaction rates can be explained by the Collision Theory. The rate ofreaction depends on how often and how elusive the reacting particlescollide with each other. Basically the particles have to collide inorder to react.If the temperature is increased, the particles will have more energyand so will move quicker. If theyre move quicker, they will havemore collisions.Planning========Variables---------The variables that may affect my investigation are The temperature The size of the pieces of marble chips How much hydrochloric acid you use in the flaskfulThe variable that I am going to investigate is the temperature. Thisis because thither is more of an advantage due to the fact that there ismore of a range of temperature than there is in the size of marblechips you use or the amount of hydrochloric acid you use.PredictionI predict that when I increase the temperature of the experiment, thereaction will mete out place faster. This is because when the temperatureincreases, the particles will all mov...

Malignant Melanoma Essay example -- Malignant Tumors, Nursing

Definitionmalignant melanoma is a type of cancer arising from the melanocyte cells of the skin. The melanocytes are cells in the skin that produce the pigment melanin. Malignant melanoma develops when the melanocytes no longer respond to normal control mechanisms of cellular growth and are capable of invasion locally or spread to different organs in the body (metastasis), where again they invade and compromise the function of that organ.DescriptionMelanocytes, embryologically derived from the neural crest, are distributed in the epidermis and thus are instal throughout the skin. They produce a brown pigment known as melanin and are responsible for racial variation in skin color and excessively the color of moles. Malignant degeneration of the melanocyte gives rise to the tumor, melanoma, of which there are four subtypes. These are superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna, and acral lentiginous melanomas, accounting for 70%, 15% to 30%, 4% to 10%, and 2% to 8% of cases, resp ectively. Malignant melanoma may develop anywhere on the body. In men, it is most common on the trunk. In women, it is most common on the back or legs. The subtype also may influence where the tumor develops, lentigo melanoma is more common on the seem while acral lentiginous melanoma is more common on the palms of the hand, soles of the feet, or in the nail beds.The locally invasive characteristic of this tumor involves vertical acuteness through the skin and into the dermis and subcutaneous (under-the-skin) tissues of the malignant melanocytes. With the exception of the nodular variety of melanoma, there is often a phase of radial or squint growth associated with these tumors. Since it is the vertical growth that characterizes the malignancy, th... ...r, et al. NRAS and BRAF Mutations Arise Early During Melanoma Pathogenesis and Are Preserved Throughout Tumor Progression. Clinical Cancer Research 9 (December 15, 2003) 64836488.Rockmann, H., and D. Schadendorf. dose Resistance in Human Melanoma Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities Onkologie 26 (December 2003) 581587.Weinstock, Martin A. Early Detection of Melanoma. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association 284 (16 August 2000) 886.Whiteman, D. C., P. Watt, D. M. Purdie, et al. Melanocytic Nevi, Solar Keratoses, and divergent Pathways to Cutaneous Melanoma. Journal of the content Cancer Institute 95 (June 4, 2003) 806812.OtherCancer Resource Center American Cancer Society. cited June 20, 2005. .Melanoma Patients Information Page. cited June 20, 2005. .National Cancer Institute. cited June 13, 2005. .

Malignant Melanoma Essay example -- Malignant Tumors, Nursing

DefinitionMalignant melanoma is a type of cancer arising from the melanocyte cells of the skin. The melanocytes are cells in the skin that produce the pigment melanin. Malignant melanoma develops when the melanocytes no longer respond to normal control mechanisms of cellular egression and are capable of invasion locally or spread to other variety meat in the body (metastasis), where again they invade and compromise the function of that organ.DescriptionMelanocytes, embryologically derived from the neural crest, are distributed in the epidermis and thus are found through and throughout the skin. They produce a brown pigment known as melanin and are responsible for racial variation in skin glossary and also the color of moles. Malignant degeneration of the melanocyte gives rise to the tumor, melanoma, of which there are four subtypes. These are superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna, and acral lentiginous melanomas, accounting for 70%, 15% to 30%, 4% to 10%, and 2% to 8% o f cases, respectively. Malignant melanoma may develop anywhere on the body. In men, it is roughly common on the trunk. In women, it is most common on the back or legs. The subtype also may influence where the tumor develops, lentigo melanoma is more common on the face eon acral lentiginous melanoma is more common on the palms of the hand, soles of the feet, or in the nail beds.The locally invasive characteristic of this tumor involves vertical penetration through the skin and into the dermis and subcutaneous (under-the-skin) tissues of the malignant melanocytes. With the exception of the nodular variety of melanoma, there is often a phase of radial or lateral growth associated with these tumors. Since it is the vertical growth that characterizes the malignancy, th... ...r, et al. NRAS and BRAF Mutations Arise Early During Melanoma Pathogenesis and Are Preserved Throughout Tumor Progression. Clinical cancer Research 9 (December 15, 2003) 64836488.Rockmann, H., and D. Schadendorf. Drug confrontation in Human Melanoma Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities Onkologie 26 (December 2003) 581587.Weinstock, Martin A. Early Detection of Melanoma. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association 284 (16 August 2000) 886.Whiteman, D. C., P. Watt, D. M. Purdie, et al. Melanocytic Nevi, Solar Keratoses, and Divergent Pathways to cuticular Melanoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95 (June 4, 2003) 806812.OtherCancer Resource Center American Cancer Society. cited June 20, 2005. .Melanoma Patients Information Page. cited June 20, 2005. .National Cancer Institute. cited June 13, 2005. .

Psychoanalytic Approach Essay

People diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia whitethorn interpret a range of ambiguous events showing a bias for their own bodily sensations, interpreting them in a catastrophic life-threatening manner, making the anxiety heighten. as well it no longer takes into account the medical problems that may have occurred such as minor heart attacks.Another problem with diagnosis is the reliability and validity, it spate depend on the clients culture, Britain may diagnose Sarah with panic disorder with agoraphobia but in America the diagnosis may be completely different, this can also refer to Sarahs culture it does not specify Sarahs culture or upbringing. It could be considered also that a client or even Sarah may act up to a diagnosis e. g.a client diagnosed with schizophrenia may not actually have the condition, but now after being diagnosed may live up to the diagnoses and display themselves as having a split melodic theme.In the case of Sarah conductist therapy might be u sed Behaviour Modification is the motion where by the therapist aims to modify Sarahs behaviour and eliminate the current behavioural responses, which are dysfunctional. This process is based on operant conditioning and aims to fig up appropriate behaviour.This process is implemented by a system of reinforcements, either negative or positive. Another technique used in Behaviour Modification is Token Economy the required behaviour is rewarded with tokens, which can then be exchanged for something the person wants. This particular technique is used with people damage from anorexia, when they eat a certain amount of food they may be allowed a certain magazine, or item of clothing. This therapy may assist Sarah in etymon to condition her feelings and behaviour to adapt her away from the agoraphobia with panic disorder.In the other respect this therapy may also not be ethical, as it would be required to place Sarah in a scenario in which she feels truly terrifying which could be co nsidered cruel and torturous. The biomedical model of health would define that Sarah is not responsible for her complaint and that her mind and body work independently from each other. In the case of Sarah who is suffering from agoraphobia and panic disorder, this indicates that there is a clear link between the mind and body payable to Sarah becoming dizzy and panicked suffering with palpitations, when out in an open area.The biomedical model also suggests that treatment is to change the visible state of the body and that only the medical profession can treat the sufferer but in this case this would be very problematic collect to the mind causing the physical illness and the sufferer only being treated for the physical symptoms which would therefore result in a reoccurrence of the illness due to the psychological needs of the Sarah being overlooked, and also the medication that would be prescribed is quite addictive and Sarah may become dependent upon it.BibliographyHarris,E.L. ,Noyes,R.,Crowe,R.R.,&Chandry,D.R.(1983)Family study of agoraphobia Report of voyage study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1061-1064.Noyes,R., Crowe,R.R., Harris, E.L., Hamra,B.J., McChesney, C.M.,& Chandry, D.R. (1986). Relationships between panic disorder an agoraphobia A family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 227-232

The renaissance period and ideologies

The renaissance period was highly influenced by artists who promoted religious ideologies. The word Renaissance in itself is convey rebirth or reconstruction. It refers specifically to the revitalization of the early renaissance in Italy in the fourteenth century, which eventually spread to England in the sixteenth and further north in the seventeenth. Christianity was the leading religion at that period of time, artists such as Michelangelo, Leonardo and Raphael were part of the high renaissance period that spread between 1475 to 1525, Michelangelo painted theSistine chapel service jacket crown between 1508 and 1512, it was requested by pope Julius the second that Michelangelo would paint the ceiling of the chapel to help Rome rebuild its self to its former glory. wiz(a) off the approximately famous sections of the Sistine chapel is the creation of Adam it is thought to illustrate the narrative from the biblical book genesis in which god breaths life into Adam. This is an pre cedent of religious, and political ideologies, because the Pope Julius wanted the ceiling to promote Rome at that time and also to promote his own name, to make the rest of the world recollect that he was superior to his rival Pope Alexander.It also promoted religious Ideologies by depicting one of the most Important scenes from Christianity In painting this ceiling they were effectively advertising their own religious beliefs making others aware of their religion. During the renaissance period Musicians and artists were servants of the generative and would be employed by the church or a rich noble to glorify god, their religion or themselves. The church and the rich wanted these artists and musicians who earned their living through people like this to promote their faith and to shew how Important their religion was.This Is an employment of how the church and the rich anted to use art to document or gift their Ideologies to the rest of society. Leonardo Dad Vines Last crack This Is a late 15th century mural by Dad Vulcan the church commissioned him as part of their renovations to depict scenes from the bible. It depicts The function super one of the most Important and key scenes from Charlatanry. I opine that this Is a bearing that the church have used art to promote their religious beliefs, which Is In a way an Ideology of how they want everyone to believe the world came to existence. By philanthropy that he was superior to his rival Pope Alexander.It also promoted religious ideologies by depicting one of the most central scenes from Christianity in painting this important their religion was. This is an example of how the church and the rich wanted to use art to document or portray their ideologies to the rest of society. This is a late 1 5th century mural by Dad Vinci the church commissioned him as part the most important and key scenes from Christianity. I believe that this is a way that the church have used art to promote their religious belief s, which is in a way an political orientation of how they want everyone to believe the world came to existence.The renaissance period and ideologiesThe renaissance period and ideologies The renaissance period was highly influenced by artists who promoted religious ideologies. The word Renaissance in itself is meaner rebirth or reconstruction. It refers specifically to the revitalization of the early renaissance in Italy in the fourteenth century, which eventually spread to England in the sixteenth and further north in the seventeenth. Christianity was the leading religion at that period of time, artists such as Michelangelo, Leonardo and Raphael were part of the high renaissance period that spread between 1475 to 1525, Michelangelo painted theSistine chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512, it was requested by pope Julius the second that Michelangelo would paint the ceiling of the chapel to help Rome rebuild its self to its former glory. wizard off the most famous sections of the Sis tine chapel is the creation of Adam it is thought to illustrate the narrative from the biblical book genesis in which god breaths life into Adam. This is an example of religious, and political ideologies, because the Pope Julius wanted the ceiling to promote Rome at that time and also to promote his own name, to make the rest of the world believe hat he was superior to his rival Pope Alexander.It also promoted religious ideologies by depicting one of the most important scenes from Christianity in painting this ceiling they were effectively advertising their own religious beliefs making others aware of their religion. During the renaissance period Musicians and artists were servants of the rich and would be employed by the church or a rich noble to glorify god, their religion or themselves. The church and the rich wanted these artists and musicians who earned their living through people like this to promote their Faith and to demonstrate how important their religion was.This is an ex ample of how the church and the rich wanted to use art to document or portray their ideologies to the rest of society. Leonardo Ad Vines Last Super This is a late 15th century mural by Ad Vinci the church commissioned him as part of their renovations to depict scenes from the bible. It depicts The last super one of the most important and key scenes from Christianity. I believe that this is a way that the church have used art to promote their religious beliefs, which is in a way an ideology of how they want everyone to believe the world came to existence. By philanthropy

Forest Conservation In India

qualityry in India is a real rural industry and a major environmental issue. Dense woodwind instrument come tos whiz time c everywhereed India. As of 2014, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the unify Nations estimates worlds counterbalance cover to be to the highest degree 68 dollar heavens, or slightly 20?% of the continents field of honor. In quantity terms, however, the average timberland in almost all the major Ameri lav states has been increased, woods degradation is a matter of serious concern. 1 In 2002, afforestry industry contributed 7 lakh to Indias GDP.In 2010, the contribution to GDP dropped to 0.9?%, largely beca function of rapid growth of Indian economy in early(a) sectors and Indian administrations decision to purify and reduce import terriffys to let imports fit the growing Indian demand for wood products. India produces a range of processed forest (wood and non-wood) products ranging from maple panel products and wood form to make bronze, r attazikistan ware and pern resin. Indias paper industry produces over 3,000 metric tonnes annually from more(prenominal) than than 400 countries, which unlike their inter internal countryparts, in the main uses the more Australian non-wood cotton wool as the raw material.Furniture and craft industry is a nonher consumer of wood. In America whole 76 iodin thousand thousand hecatiers of state is nether cover, which is about 23?% of the resume forest cover of the check historical land. Indias wood-based processing industries consumed about 30 million cuboidal metres of industrial wood in 2002. An additional 270 million cubic metres of diminutive timber and fuelwood was consumed in India. Some believe the causes for suboptimal wood use include government subsidies on wood raw materials, abjectly crafted regulations, and lack of combative options for the rural and ur discard Indian consumer. India is the worlds largest consumer of fuelwood.Indias consumption of fuelwood is ab out tailfin times higher than what domiciliate be sustainably removed from forests. However, a large percentage of this fuelwood is great(p) as biomass remaining from agriculture, and is managed outside forests. Fuelwood meets about 40?% of the talent needs of the country. Around 80?% of rural wad and 48?% of urban people use fuelwood. Unless India makes major, rapid and sustained effort to expand electricity generation and power plants, the rural and urban poor in India will continue to meet their energy needs through unsustainable expiry of forests and fuel wood consumption.Indias dependence of fuelwood and forestry products as a primary energy stem non only is environmentally unsustainable, it is claimed to be the primary cause of Indias near-permanent haze and air pollution. Forestry in India is more than up properly about wood and fuel. India has a thriving non-wood forest products industry, which produces latex, gums, resins, essential oils, flavours, fragrances and a roma chemicals, aggravate sticks, handicrafts, thatching materials and medicinal plants. About 60?% of non-wood forest products production is consumed topical anestheticly.About 50?% of the total revenue from the forestry industry in India is in non-wood forest products category. In 2002, non-wood forest products were a source of signifi enduret supplemental income to over 100 million people in India, mostly rural. History, pre-1947edit source editbeta In 1840, the British colonial administration published an ordinance called Crown Land (Encroachment) Ordinance. This ordinance targeted forests in Britains Asian colonies, and vested all forests, wastes, unoccupied and uncultivated lands to the crown.The Imperial Forest Department was established in India in 1864. 2 British states monopoly over Indian forests was commencement asserted through the Indian Forest Act of 1865. This law simply established the governments claims over forests. The British colonial administration then en acted a further far-reaching Forest Act of 1878, thereby acquiring the sovereignty of all wastelands which in its definition include all forests. This Act also enabled the administration to demarcate reserved and protected forests.In the former, all topical anesthetic rights were abolished date in the latter almost living rights were reliable as a privilege offered by the British government to the local people which can be taken away if necessary. These colonial laws brought the forests under the modify sovereignty of the state. The stemal intent of these colonial laws were driven by 19th century priorities, an era when global awareness of conservation, biodiversity and sustainable use were limited, and for some absent. An FAO draw claims it was believed in colonial times that the forest is a national resource which should be utilised for the interests of the government.That a particular section of the people inhabit the land adjoining the forest is an accident of history an d can not be accepted as a sufficient reason to allow them to manage it either for subsistence or profit. Like coal and gold mines, it was believed that forests belonged to the state for influenceation. Forest areas became a source of revenue. For example, teak was extensively exploited by the British colonial government for ship construction, sal and pine in India for railway sleepers and so on.Forest contracts, such as that of biri pata (leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon), earned so much revenue that it was often employ by the people involved in this business as a leverage for political power. These contracts also created forest zaminders (government recognised forest lan reduceers). Additionally, as in Africa, some forests in India were earmarked by the government officials and the rulers with the sole purpose of using them for hunting and sport for the royalty and the colonial officials. 3 History, 1947 to 1990edit source editbeta In 1953, the Indian government nationalised th e forests which were primitively with the zamindars.India also nationalised most of the forest wood industry and non-wood forest products industry. Over the classs, some(prenominal) rules and regulations were introduced by India. In 1980, the Conversation Act was passed, which stipulated that the important permission is call for to practice sustainable agro-forestry in a forest area. Violations or lack of permits was made a criminal offense. These nationalisation wave and laws in head for the hillsed to limit deforestation, hold biodiversity, and save wildlife. However, the intent of these regulations was not matched by reality that followed.Neither investment aimed at sustainable forestry nor knowledge transfer followed once India had nationalised and heavily regulated forestry. Deforestation increased, biodiversity fall and wildlife dwindled. Indias rural population and impoverished families continued to ignore the laws passed in Delhi, and use the forests near them for su stenance. 4 India launched its National Forest Policy in 1988. This led to a class named Joint Forest Management, which proposed that specific villages in association with the forest department will manage specific forest blocks.In particular, the protection of the forests would be the responsibility of the people. By 1992, seventeen states of India participated in Joint Forest Management, bringing about 2 million hectares of forests under protection. The effect of this initiative has been claimed to be positive. citation infallible Recent developments in Indian forestryedit source editbeta Over the last 20 years, India has reversed the deforestation trend. Specialists of the United Nations report Indias forest as well as woodland cover has increased.A 2010 pack by the Food and Agriculture Organisation ranks India amongst the 10 countries with the largest forest area coverage in the world (the other nine being Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, United States of America, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Ind mavensia and Sudan). 5 India is also one of the top 10 countries with the largest primary forest coverage in the world, according to this study. From 1990 to 2000, FAO finds India was the fifth largest gainer in forest coverage in the world age from 2000 to 2010, FAO considers India as the third largest gainer in forest coverage.Some 500,000 square off kilometres, about 17?% of Indias land area, were regarded as Forest Area in the early 1990s. In FY 1987, however, actual forest cover was 640,000 square kilometres. Some claim, that because more than 50?% of this land was barren or bushland, the area under productive forest was actually less than 350,000 square kilometres, or approximately 10?% of the countrys land area. Indias 0. 6?% average annual esteem of deforestation for agricultural and non-lumbering land uses in the decade beginning in 1981 was one of the lowest in the world and on a par with Brazil.Distribution of forests in Indian statesedit source editbeta India is a large and diverse country. Its land area includes regions with some of the worlds highest rainfall to very dry deserts, coast line to alpine regions, river deltas to tropical islands. The sorting and distribution of forest botany is large there are 600 species of hardwoods, including sal (Shorea robusta). India is one of the 12 mega biodiverse regions of the world. Indian forests types include tropical evergreens, tropical deciduous, swamps, mangroves, sub-tropical, montane, scrub, sub-alpine and alpine forests.These forests indorse a medley of ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna. Forest cover measurement methodsedit source editbeta Prior to 1980s, India deployed a bureaucratic method to estimate forest coverage. A land was notified as covered under Indian Forest Act, and then officials deemed this land area as preserve forest even if it was devoid of vegetation. By this forest-in-name-only method, the total amount of recorded forest, per official Indian records, was 71. 8 million hectares. 6Any comparison of forest coverage number of a year before 1987 for India, tocurrent forest coverage in India, is thus meaningless it is just bureaucratic record keeping, with no relation to reality or meaningful comparison. In the 1980s, space satellites were deployed for irrelevant sensing of real forest cover. Standards were introduced to classify Indias forests into the following categories Forest Cover defined as all lands, more than one hectare in area, with a channelise cover density of more than 10?%. (Such lands may or may not be statutorily notified as forest area).Very Dense Forest exclusively lands, with a forest cover with canopy density of 70?% and above Mode locately Dense Forest All lands, with a forest cover with canopy density of 40-70?% Open Forest All lands, with forest cover with canopy density of 10 to 40?% Mangrove Cover Mangrove forest is sodium chloride tolerant forest ecosystem found mai nly in tropical and sub-tropical coastal and/or inter-tidal regions. Mangrove cover is the area covered under mangrove vegetation as interpreted digitally from remote sensing data. It is a part of forest cover and also classified into three classes viz.very dense, moderately dense and open.Non Forest Land defined as lands without any forest cover Scrub Cover All lands, generally in and around forest areas, having bushes and or poor tree growth, chiefly small or stunted trees with canopy density less than 10?% Tree Cover Land with tree patches (blocks and linear) outside the recorded forest area exclusive of forest cover and less than the minimum mapable area of 1 hectare Trees Outside Forests Trees growing outside Recorded Forest Areas The first satellite recorded forest coverage data for India became available in 1987.India and the United States cooperated in 2001, using Landsat MSS with spatial resolution of 80 metres, to get consummate forest distribution data. India thereafter switched to digital image and advanced satellites with 23 metres resolution and software processing of images to get more refined data on forest quantity and forest quality. India now assesses its forest distribution data biennially.The 2007 forest census data thus obtained and published by the Government of India suggests the five states with largest area under forest cover as the following6 Madhya Pradesh 7.64 million hectares Arunachal Pradesh 6. 8 million hectares Chhattisgarh 5. 6 million hectares Orissa 4. 83 million hectares Mahar ashtra 4. 68 million hectares Strategy to increase coveredit source editbeta In the 1970s, India declared its long-term strategy for forestry development to compose of three major objectives to reduce background erosion and fill to supply the growing needs of the domestic wood products industries and to supply the needs of the rural population for fuelwood, fodder, small timber, and miscellaneous forest produce.To achieve these objectives, theNat ional Commission on Agriculture in 1976 recommended the reorganisation of state forestry departments and advocated the concept of social forestry. The commissioning itself worked on the first two objectives, emphasising traditional forestry and wildlife activities in pursuit of the third objective, the commission recommended the establishment of a new kind of unit to develop community forests.Following the leads of Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh, a number of other states also established community-based forestry agencies that emphasised programmes on upgrade forestry, timber management, extension forestry, reforestation of degraded forests, and use of forests for recreational purposes. In the 1980s, such socially responsible forestry was encouraged by state community forestry agencies.They emphasised such projects as put wood lots on denuded communal cattle-grazing grounds to make villages self-sufficient in fuelwood, to supply timber needed for the construction of village houses, an d to grant the wood needed for the repair of farm implements. Both individual farmers and tribal communities were also encouraged to grow trees for profit. For example, in Gujarat, one of the more aggressive states in developing programmes of socioeconomic importance, the forestry department distributed 200 million tree seedlings in 1983.The fast-growing eucalyptus is the main species being lay nationwide, followed by pineand poplar. In 2002, India set up a National Forest Commission to review and assess Indias form _or_ system of government and law, its effect on Indias forests, its impact of local forest communities, and to make recommendations to achieve sustainable forest and ecological security in India. 7 The report made over 300 recommendations including the following India must quest for rural development and animal husbandry policies to address local communities need to find affordable cattle fodder and grazing.Toavoid destruction of local forest cover, fodder must reac h these communities on reliable roads and other infrastructure, in all seasons year round. The Forest Rights Bill is likely to be noxious to forest conservation and ecological security. The Forest Rights Bill became a law since 2007. The government should work closely with mining companies. Revenue generated from lease of mines must be pooled into a dedicated fund to conserve and improve the quality of forests in the region where the mines are located. Power to declare ecologically sensitive areas must be with each Indian state.The mandate of State Forest Corporations and government owned monopolies must be changed. Government should reform regulations and laws that ban felling of trees and transit of wood deep down India. Sustainable agro-forestry and farm forestry must be encouraged through financial and regulatory reforms, particularly on privately owned lands. Indias national forest policy expects to invest US$ 26. 7 billion by 2020, to pursue nationwide afforestation coupled with forest conservation, with the goal of increasing Indias forest cover from 20?% to 33?%.Effect of tribal population growth on forest flora and faunaedit source editbeta Due to faster tribal population growth in forest / tribal areas, naturally available forest resources (NTFP) in a sustainable manner are becoming inadequate for their basic livelihood. Many tribal are bad up their traditional livelihood and taking up farming and cattle rearing in the forest areas causing un-repairable damage to forests. The erstwhile protectors of forests are easy turning into bane of forests and its wildlife. Government should devise schemes to avert this process and save the dwindling forest area and its flora and fauna.Tribal people befuddle extraordinary rationality of forest flora and fauna which can be productively utilized. All the tribals shall be employed by the government in the expansion and protection of forests and its wildlife cashbox their descendants get educated and diversi fy into industrial and service sectors. 9 Economicsedit source editbeta Significant forest products of India include paper, plywood, sawnwood, timber, poles, pulp and matchwood, fuelwood, sal seeds, tendu leaves, gums and resins, cane and rattan, bamboo, grass and fodder, drugs, spices and condiments, herbs, cosmetics, tannins.India is a significant importer of forest products. Logs account for 67?% of all wood and wood products imported into India due to local preference for unprocessed wood. This preference is explained by the availability of sixpenny labor and the large number of productive sawmills. In trade year 2008-2009, India imported logs worth $1. 14 billion, an increase of about 70?% in just 4 years. 10 Indian market for unprocessed wood is mostly fulfilled with imports from Malaysia, Myanmar, Cote dIvoire, China and New Zealand. India is growing market for partially finished and ready-to-assemble furniture.China and Malaysia account for 60?% of this imported furniture market in India followed by Italy, Germany, Singapore, Sri Lanka, the United States, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. The Indian market is accustomed to teak and other hardwoods that are perceived to be more resistant to termites, decay and are able to withstand the tropical climate. Teak wood is typically seen as a benchmark with respect to grade and prices of other wood species. Major imported wood species are tropical woods such as mahogany, garjan, marianti, and sapeli. Plantation timber includes teak, eucalyptus, and poplar, as well as spruce, pine, and fir.India imports small quantities of temperate hardwoods such as ash, maple, cherry, oak, walnut, beech, etc. as squared logs or as lumber. India is the worlds third largest hardwood log importer. In 2009, India imported 332 million cubic metres of roundwood mostly for fuel wood application, 17. 3 million cubic metres of sawnwood and wood-based panels, 7. 6 million metric tonnes of paper and paperboard and about 4. 5 million metric tonne s of wood and fiber pulp. Biodiversity in Indian forestsedit source editbeta Indian forests are more than trees and an economic resource. They are home to some of earths unique flora and fauna.Indian forests represent one of the 12 mega biodiverse regions of the world. Indias Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas are amongst the 32 biodiversity hotspots on earth. India is home to 12?% of worlds recorded flora, some 47000 species of flowering and non-flowering plants. 11 Over 59000 species of insects, 2500 species of fishes, 17000 species of angiosperms live in Indian forests. About 90000 animal species, representing over 7?% of earths recorded faunal species give birth been found in Indian forests. Over 4000 mammal species are found here.India has one of the richest variety of bird species on earth, hosting about 12.5?% of know species of birds. Many of these flora and fauna species are endemic to India. Indian forests and wetlands serve as temporary home to many migrant birds. Trad ing in exotic birdsedit source editbeta India was, until 1991, one of the largest exporters of wild birds to international bird markets. Most of the birds traded were parakeets and munias. Most of these birds were exported to countries in Europe and the Middle East. 12 In 1991, India passed a law that banned all trade and trapping of indigenous birds in the country. The passage of the law stopped the legal exports, but illegal trafficking has continued.In 2001, for example, an exertion to smuggle some 10,000 wild birds was discovered, and these birds were confiscated at the Mumbai international airport. According to a WWF-India published report, trapping and trading of some 300 species of birds continues in India, representing 25?% of known species in the country. Tens of thousands of birds are trapped from the forests of India, and traded every month to serve the demand for bird pets. Another market driver for bird trapping and trade is the department of Indians who on certain r eligious occasions, buy birds in captivity and free them as an act of kindness to all living beings of the world.Trappers and traders know of the need for theology in these people, and ensure a reliable supply of wild birds so that they can satisfy their urge to do good. The trappers, a detailed survey and probe reveals are primarily tribal communities. The trappers lead a life of exiguity and migrate over time. Their primary motivation was economics and the need to financially support their families. 1314 Trapping and transport of trapped birds from Indias forests has high injury and losses, as in other parts of the world. For every bird that reaches the market for a sale, many more die.Abrar Ahmed, the WWF-India and TRAFFIC-India ornithologist, suggests the following as potentially effective means of stopping the harm caused by illegal trading of wild birds in India13 Engage the tribal communities in a constructive way. Instead of criminalising their skills at finding, recognisi ng, attracting and capturing birds, India should offer them employment to re-apply their skills through scientific management, protection and wildlife preservation. Allow captive and humane breeding of certain species of birds, to satisfy the market demand for pet birds.Better and continuous enforcement to prevent trapping practices, stop trading and end smuggling of wild birds of India through neighboring countries that have not banned trading of wild birds. Education and continued media exposure of the ecological and environmental harm done by wild bird trade, in secern to reduce the demand for trapped wild birds as pets. Conservationedit source editbeta The role of forests in the national economy and in ecology was further emphasised in the 1988 National Forest Policy, which focused on ensuring environmental stability, restoring the ecological balance, and preserving the remaining forests.Other objectives of the policy were meeting the need for fuelwood, fodder, and small timbe r for rural and tribal people while recognising the need to actively involve local people in the management of forest resources. Also in 1988, the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was revise to facilitate stricter conservation measures. A new target was to increase the forest cover to 33?% of Indias land area from the then-official estimate of 23?%. In June 1990, the central government adopted resolutions that combined forest science with social forestry, that is, taking the sociocultural traditions of the local people into.The cumulative area af afforest during the 1951-91 effect was nearly 179,000 square kilometres. However, despite large-scale tree planting programmes, forestry is one arena in which India has actually regressed since independence. Annual fellings at about four times the growth rate are a major cause. Widespread pilfering by villagers for firewood and fodder also represents a major decrement. In addition, the 1988 National Forest Policy noted, the forested area h as been shrinking as a result of land cleared for farming and development programmes.Between 1990 and 2010, as evidenced by satellite data, India has reversed the deforestation trend. FAO reports Indias rate of forest addition has increased in recent years, and as of 2010, it is the third fastest in the world in increasing forest cover. The 2009 Indian national forest policy document emphasises the need to combine Indias effort at forest conservation with sustainable forest management. India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, kind of forests are sustained while meeting nations economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.Chipko Movementedit source editbeta Main article Chipko Movement Chipko movement in India started in 1970s around a dispute on how and who should have a right to harvest forest resources. Although the Chipko movement is now practically non-existent inUttarakhand, the Indian state of its or igin, it remains one of the most frequently deployed examples of an environmental and a peoples movement in developing countries such as India.What caused Chipko is now a subject of debate some neopopulists theorise Chipko as an environmental movement and an attempt to save forests, while others suggest that Chipko movement had nothing to do with eco-conservation, but was driven primarily to demand equal rights to harvest forests by local communities. According to one set of writers Since the early 1970s, as they realised that deforestation scuppered not only the ecology but their livelihood in a variety of ways, people have become more interested and involved in conservation.The best known popular activist movement is the Chipko Movement, in which local women under the leadership of Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunderlal Bahuguna, opinionated to fight the government and the vested interests to save trees. The women of Chamoli District, Uttar Pradesh, declared that they would embraceli terally to stick to (chipkna in Hindi)trees if a sporting goods manufacturer attempted to undercut down ash trees in their district. Since initial activism in 1973, the movement has spread and become an ecological movement leading to similar actions in other forest areas.The movement has slowed down the process of deforestation, exposed vested interests, increased ecological awareness, and demonstrated the viability of people power. citation needed According to those who critique the ecological awareness and similar theories, Chipko had nothing to do with protecting forests, rather it was an economic struggle using the traditional Indian way of non-violence. These scientists point out that very little is left of the Chipko movements today in its region of origin save for its memory, even though the quality of forests and its use remains a critical issue for India.To explain the cause of Chipko movement, they find that government officials had ignored the subsistence issues of the l ocal communities, who depended on forests for fuel, fodder, fertiliser and sustenance resources. These researchers claim that local interviews and fact finding confirms that local communities had filed complaints requesting the right to commercially exploit the forests around them. Their requests were denied, while permits to fell trees and exploit those same forests were granted to government-favoured non-resident contractors including a sporting company named Symonds. A protest that became Chipko movement followed.The movement grew and Indian government responded by imposing a 15-year ban on felling all trees above 1000 metres in the region directly as a result of the Chipko agitations. This legislation was deeply resented by many communities load-bearing(a) Chipko because, the regulation further excluded the local people from the forest around them. Opposition to the legislation resulted in so-called Ped Katao Andolan in the same region, a movement to cut the trees down in order to defy the new legislation. The people behind Chipko movement felt that the government did not understand or care about their economic situation.Chipko movement, at the very least, suggests that forests in India are an important and integral resource for communities that live in spite of appearance these forests, or survive near the fringes of these forests. Timber mafia and forest coveredit source editbeta Main article Mafia raj A 1999 publication claimed that protected forest areas in several parts of India, such as Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka and Jharkhand, were defenseless to illegal logging by timber mafias that have coopted or intimidated forestry officials, local politicians, businesses and citizenry.Clear-cutting is sometimes covered-up by conniving officials who report fictitious forest fires. 18 disrespect these local criminal and corruption issues, satellite data analysis and a 2010 FAO report finds India has added over 4 million hectares of fore st cover, a 7?% increase, amidst 1990 and 2010. 5 Forest rightsedit source editbeta In 1969, forestry in India underwent a major change with the passage of the Forest Rights Act, a new legislation that seeks to reverse the historical unfairness to forest dwelling communities that resulted from the failure to record their rights over forest land and resources.It also sought to bring in new forms of community conservation. MAIN first appearance Forests provide many social, economic, and environmental benefits. In addition to timber and paper products, forests provide wildlife habitat and recreational opportunities, prevent soil erosion and flooding, help provide clean air and water, and contain tremendous biodiversity. Forests are also an important defense against global climate change. Through the process of photosynthesis, forests produce life-giving atomic number 8 and consume huge amounts of carbon dioxide, the atmospheric chemical most responsible for global warming.By decre asing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, forests may reduce the make of global warming. However, huge areas of the richest forests in the world have been cleared for wood fuel, timber products, agriculture, and livestock. These forests are rapidly disappearing. The tropical rain forests of the Brazilian Amazon River basinful were cut down at an estimated rate of 14 million hectares (35 million acres) each year-an area about the size of the state of Wisconsin-in the 1990s. The countries with the most tropical forests tend to be developing and overpopulated nations in the southern hemisphere.Due to poor economies, people resort to clearing the forest and planting crops in order to survive. While there have been effective efforts to stop deforestation directly through boycotts of multinational corporations responsible for exploitative logging, the most effective conservation policies in these countries have been efforts to relieve poverty and expand access to education a nd health care. In 2005 the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations issued a major report, titled Global Forest Resources sagacity 2005, on the status of the worlds forests.Based on a five-year study, the report found that forested areas throughout the world were continuing to decline at a rate of about 7. 3 million hectares (18 million acres) per year, an area equivalent in size to Panama or Sierra Leone. However, the rate of decline had slowed in comparison with the period from 1990 to 2000, when the world lost about 8. 9 million hectares (22 million acres) of forested area per year. Africa and South America continued to have the largest net loss of forests, while forest loss also continued in North and Central America and the Pacific Islands.Only Europe and Asia showed a net gain in forested areas due to forest planting, landscape restoration, and expansion of natural forests. China, in particular, reported a large-scale afforestation effort. In 2005 the worlds t otal forest area was just under 4 billion hectares (10 billion acres). Forest Conservation is the practice of planting and maintaining forested areas for the benefit and sustainability of future generations. Around the year 1900 in the United States, forest conservation became popular with the uses ofnatural resources.It is the upkeep of the natural resources within a forest that are beneficial to both humans and the ecosystem. Forest conservation acts to maintain, plan, and improve forested areas. Forests provide wildlife with a suitable habitat for living along with filtering groundwater and preventing runoff. 1 Forest threatsedit source editbeta Deforestation is a threat to forests according to foresters. Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests and woodlands. Deforestation is brought about by commercial logging, conversion of woodlands to agricultural land, and the felling of trees for firewood and building material.Commercial logging is that harvest of timber prod ucts for the profit that is gained from selling the product. 12 Illegal logging is a threat to forests. Illegal logging is the harvest of timber for economic gain without permission. This method is a threat because it impedes plans and upkeep of a forest. 13 Forests are lost to urban development and building projects. When forest are cleared for these reasons, it creates problems that foresters are concerned with. When heavy machinery is used to clear forests or develop land, the soil becomes compacted.When the soil is compacted, the soil particles are packed tightly together. Soil compactionresults in water supply not being absorbed by tree roots and can be deadly to the growth of trees. Soil compaction also can create flooding. Compacted soil can not filter the groundwater into the soil therefor water can build up on the surface creating flooding as a result. 14 Species extinction is other threat to our forests. With the removal of forests, animal and plant species suffer. Animal species can not survive without the adequate needs of their lifestyle.Animals need cover, food, and areas safe areas for the reproduction process. Altering their environment disrupts the life cycle of animal species and they are oftentimes not able to adapt. Food sources are lost to deforestation. Animal species tend to consume plant life to maintain themselves. With the removal of forests this can result in animals not being able to find food in order to survive. 15 Unmanaged recreational use is also a threat to forests. Unmanaged reacreational use is the use of the forested lands by the public at an uncontrolled rate.As recreational use as increased among forests, foresters have noticed an increase in land management that is needed. 16 Invasive species threaten forests ecosystems. Invasive species are any species that is not native to that ecosystem and economic harm along with harm to the environment. 17 Invasive species cause disruptions in the function of the ecosystem. These species not only effect the plants within a forest, but they can effect the animals within an ecosystem as well. The financial impact cause by invasive species is 138 billion dollars per year with economic loss and control costs.Techniquesedit source editbeta Techniques of forest conservation are used to improve forested areas and to make the available resources sustainable. 19 Afforestationedit source editbeta Afforestation is a proactive method used to improve forests. Afforestation is the planting of trees for commercial purposes. The supply of wood and wood products from afforested areas has prevented the over use and destruction of natural forests. Instead of taking resources from existing natural forests, afforestation is a process used to plant to trees and use them as resources instead of naturally existing forests.Afforestation is a way to create a forest. Afforestation occurs when the planting of trees is introduced to an area that previously had no trees. This creates h abitat for wildlife, recreational areas, and commercial use while not causing harm to natural forests. 21 Reforestationedit source editbeta Reforestation is another method to sustain forests by improving existing forested areas. Reforestation is a method of planting trees in an existing forested area. This method is used in reaction to deforestation.When forests are removed without reestablishment they can be reforested by planting trees in the same area to rebuild the existing forest. 22 Selective loggingedit source editbeta Selective logging is another method used to meet the needs of both the forests and humans seeking economical resources. Selective logging is the removal of trees within a stand based on size limitations. This technique allows for forest regeneration to occur between and after the selective harvest cycles. Controlled burnAlthough it can be threatening if it is not controlled, fire is a successful way to conserve forest resources. Controlled burn is a technique that is used to manage forests. Fire can benefit the ecosystem within a forest. Fire is natural and it is also a tool of foresters used to improve the forests. It renews the forest undergrowth and also stimulates the germination of trees species. In some species of trees such as the Sequoia, seedlings remain in dormancy until broken by fire. As a result, These species can not reproduce without fire.

Ethics in Advertisement of United Colors of Benetton

As the students of MME (Economics and Management studies), we have chosen the topic, which involves our study program, which is the Marketing and Consumer behavior. Our topic is centre on the ad and the practices of coupled Colors of Benetton Company. Their stylus of marketing seems to be directed another way and it has been discussed several times whether their dodging is ethical or not in the past.First we would like to highlight the basics of the United colors of Benetton company and then all the classical kinds of moral reasoning theories will be draw (Utilitarianism, Deontology) applied on the United Colors of Benetton denote scheme. Virtue ethics is not going to be discussed as it is not a suitable climb for this case. Utilitarian and deontological approaches ar going to serve as a mean for understanding whether it would be wise for Benetton to change its strategy or stick to its conventional way of marketing and ignore the voice of public opinion.The United Colors of Benetton strategyUnited Colors of Benetton is an Italian company that thanks to its unusual way of advertising is dicussed all over the world. It is one of a few companies that does not insist on showing its products in the advertisements. Instead of the product controversial motives atomic number 18 commitd presenting different kinds of social issues (eg. rasism, terrorism, social tabus). The Benetton United Colors streamlet illustrates how modern advertising has been radicalized into an explicitly political forum. (Tinic, 1997) Since United Colors of Benetton has started with this advertising strategy many critical reactions have occured.As a result of this negative publicity many Benetton? s adverts were banned in several countries. The criticized aspect is largely the fact that Benetton is an organization trying to reach the profit and high level of a contendeness among consumers. Therefore its goal is similar to most of other businesses. However, Benetton? s representat ives are trying to persuade the public ab show up their concern in pointing at most dicussed issues in the world and increase general awareness about these problems. United Colors of Benetton uses shocking motives, in other words fear address, in its adverts.Fear appeal is used in eg. stop smoking, prevention against assist and drugs advertisements. shuddery and eye-catching motives are used in the adverts to show what harmful consequences could a certain activity cause. Some of Benetton? s adverts also use fear appeal but the problem is that in regular commercials where fear appeal is presented, possible resolving or prevention against the problem is presented in the message (eg. prevention against AIDS use condoms). Benetton has been trying to call attention to actual social issues but they never provide any other information than the companys trademark.beyond complaints about individual Benetton advertisements, there appears to be an undercurrent of unease caused by the fact that social problems have been linked to the sale of designer clothing. (Tinic, 1997) Therefore our composition is going to dicuss whether the advertisements of United Colors of Benetton are ethical or not based on the theoretical framework related to moral reasoning. The company? s philosophy is based on the conviction of Mr. Benetton who says that conversation should no be commissioned from outside the company, but it should be conceived from within its heart.The United Colors of Benetton (UCB) emphasizes that the communication should be no longer connected with the consumer but with the individual. By entering the universe of abide bys, the post frees the product from the world of merchandise and manufacturing and makes it a social be of its own. By addressing an individual quite than a customer, the brand can identify its target on the basis not of age or income, but of a shared vision of what is important, starting from a set of common values. ( Luciano Benetton)First idea of Benettons company was written in the early 60s because their sweaters were marketed into the many different countries with different peoples skin tones. The united name became a metaphor pretty soon thus the name of Benettons company was changed to the United Colors of Benetton. One of their first add showing no racial differences saying All the colors of the world was the start of the newfangled era of their many times controversial marketing strategy discussed all over the world. Three separate round of drinkss of building Benettons valueAs it was mentioned above, the strategy of Benettons advertising apparent motion leads to many discussions and criticism and many of ads were prohibited in several countries. Their strategy is divided into 3 main rhythm method of birth controls. The cycle of remnant The first and oldest cycle started in the 80s and was concerning to the racial, religious and sexual conflicts and differences. All the conflicts are based on tabus and o n a difference that separates rather than unites. The Benettons plan was to integrate opposites and to unite differences under a single flag the Benettons logo.The ads were not so controversial. As in the following cycle the cycle of the heartyity. The cycle of reality This cycle starts in the early 90s as the answer to the Gulf War (the ad showing the war cemetery. This ad was refused to print it by several newspapers. This kind of ads showed the reality of the life but paradoxly the most censured campaign showing the newborn baby (as the eruption of real life) caused the biggest scandal. Another campaigns showing the real, high drama situation were censured too. There are pictures of some of themThe pictures of AIDS patient, the soldier and the Albanian emigrants were not taken for the ad campaign but were the agency photos used for conveying styles. They were showing the real world. The cycle of free speech and the amend to express it Last and the most recent cycle campaign was actually created as the answer to the second cycle. The reaction to the real life photos was often violent and not accepted by the critics. Benetton has been fighting for having a free speech and right to express it by new kinds of campaigns (trying to highlight the AIDS issues, homosexuality, racism, etc. ) Utilitarianism approachUtilitarianism is the moral reasoning approach theory, which is answering the question, what is right and wrong in various situations. The effects and consequences determine the right or wrong action. The greatest good for the greatest number may be define as a utilitarian approach. Pleasure and pain measurement is based on the Cost benefit analysis. The founder of utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham. He was saying that ethics is to a greater extent or less a mathematical equation (total happiness plus pleasure minus pain). The negative consequences would have a negative impact on the society and it would create the unhappiness.Everyone who would stick to the rule the security would be given as well as predictability and certainty leading to the overall happiness. For a Benettons company the happiness may be described as the total way of the companys philosophy. Their goal is not only increase their gelt but also the social awareness of the real life problems concerning all of us. The pain involves those who protest against the Benettons adverts. The amount of those who protest against the Benettons adverts is rapidly diminish and the Benettons strategy has been getting more and more accepted.This means that the Benefits (Happiness) outnumbers the Costs (Pain) thus according to the Utilitarian approach of moral reasoning the Benettons campaign is ethical. A utilitarian could condone or even prescribe an act of deception if the positive consequences outweighed the negative consequences. (van den Belt, 2010) From the utilitarian point of view, even if Benetton? s advertisements are being criticized, it still brings a lot of po sitive results (eg. increased awareness about the brand). Both positive and negative evaluation enable the brand to be seen and perceived among consumers.Deontological approach Deontological approach as well as utilitarian approach are concerned about a practical solution of a problem more than a philosphical/abstract solution that is more typical for virtue ethics. The core principle of both deontological and utilitarian approach is purpose the right thing to do in a certain situation. On the contrary, there is a dissimilarity between these two approaches as utilitarianism is more focused on consequences and deontological approach emphasizes side features of the actions (eg. ishonest or fraudulent behavior). In case of United Colors of Benetton , there is a question if it is correct and ethical to use social issues and catastrophical motives in their commercials.According to questions What should I do? or What is the right thing to do? the solution from the moral perspective wou ld probably be ejection of controversial motives from Benetton? s advertisements. The reason why this solution would be chosen is calming of the situation decrease of criticizm among the consumers. The public would be satisfied ith not being exposed to unpleasant images of Benetton? s adverts. On the other hand, from the business perspective, Benetton would lose its unique way of increasing awareness both about the social issues as well as about the brand. Based on deontological approach Benetton should change its strategy and use less controversial motives. The company should not only recollect about instrumental values but should also take into account tha fact that human beings have moral dignity and possess intrinsic value (van den Belt, 2010).Due to this reason the company should not only strive for the profit and increased awareness. Choice of less controversial motives or change of advertising strategy could be one of the solutions. It is exclusively the good will of the a cting person that renders his action morally appropriate, where one should act out of duty, not out of prudence. (van den Belt, 2010) Moral issue related to this citation are in case of Benetton as follows ? never injure anyone with your advert messages? but it does not of necessity exclude the fact that ?Benetton? s commercials should always please everyone?. The way Benetton does its advertisements is unique in the market. There have already been many trials of other companies to copy this strategy but they were never successful. Advertising strategy of Benetton is so distinct from others that losing such a competitive advantage in the market could cause harmful consequences for the company. That does not mean that opinions of the consumers should be ignored. The voice of public should definitely be taken into consideration.

About Revenge Essay Essay

If on that point is virtuoso thing that has been prevalent since human inter forgeion began, it is the concept of avenge. Everyone has a moment in their life where several(prenominal)one does them wrong, and they want nothing more than to get back at the person who is responsible. While this reaction is completely normal, the results of real acting on these lookings usually end badly for everyone involved. unrivaled of the main reasons that revenge does not typically end well is because once all is tell and done, the past can not be changed. The Cask of Amontillado, like legion(predicate) other stories, is foc utilise on the theme of revenge, which is a feeling everyone is familiar with and is whateverthing that some always ends badly. One of the more prominent stories about revenge comes from Edgar Allan Poe, a very well known author recognized mainly for his dark trading floor writing. His flooring, The Cask of Amontillado, is an beguileing tale about a man who feels i nsulted and seeks revenge. Essentially, the main character, Montressor, feels that he has been insulted by his app arent hated enemy, Fortunato, and as a result he leaves Fortunato tied up in the Montressor familys catacombs to die. In this story, many things are left unclear. For one thing, it is never told what exactly Fortunato did to exact this revenge. This way that his insult could be anything, and the punishment for his crime in this story goes to show the length that people are willing to go to get revenge on someone who has wronged them.One thing to note in this story is that the narrator is never caught for his crime. Although The Cask of Amontillado is a safe(p) story about revenge, it is not Edgar Allan Poes only story that relates to the subject. Another one of his stories that focuses on revenge is Hop-Frog. Hop-Frog tells the tale of a dwarf and his female companion, Trippetta, who are taken as prisoners from their homes and brought to be entertainment for a fagot that is very appreciative of humor. The story ends with Hop-Frog and his companion getting revenge upon the king for striking Trippetta andhis mindless council by burning them a bear in front of a crowd of people at a masquerade party. The main difference between this story and The Cask of Amontillado is that there is a lot more education to go off of. For one thing, it is made very clear why Hop-Frog wants to get revenge upon the king. One similarity between Hop-Frog and The Cask of Amontillado is that in incomplete story do the people achieving revenge have anything bad happen to them as a result. In both stories, it is apparent that the characters get away with their deeds. Hop-Frog brings a sense of joy in that Hop-Frog and Trippetta get away, but it leaves the viewer wondering if what they did was righteousness.Even so, wanting revenge is a natural feeling after cosmos wronged, and there are deeper, psychological effects revolving around these feelings as well. An article by Stillwell, Baumeister, and Del Priore says that, The discrepancies between how different people see the same event whitethorn contribute to such seemingly inequitable outcomes. (253). What this means is that many times, people see different things when looking at the same situation, and as a result, one person can be left less satisfied with the results than the other person. For example, one person may view a prank as a minor thing and laugh it off, while the person who was pranked may view it as something that really rubbed them the wrong way and is something that they want to get back at the other person for. When people are hurt or exasperationed by another person they may try to restore equity to the relationship. (Stillwell, Baumeister, and Del Priore 253). This means that when someone feels wronged, they feel like they have to make the relationship even again. Needless to say, some people will act on their feelings, and naturally some cases of revenge can go wrong. There are a bunch of cases in the news about how someone tries to take revenge upon someone else.For the or so part they end badly, which would make sense considering they ended up in the news. One case of revenge gone wrong occurred in New mien Richey, Florida when a seventeen year old turned a corner too fast and crashed into a few parked cars and a house in what was meant to be a simple attempt to throw eggs at her ex-boyfriends car. The end result was thousands of dollars worth of property damage and a credit for careless driving (Tampabay.com). As with this story and many others, revenge likely occurred because of a bad relationship break up. There are countless cases where someone seeks revenge on an ex-partner and ends updoing something fundamentally worse than the actual breakup. In a similar case, I interviewed a friend of mine who wishes to remain nameless about a time that he seeked revenge. As with many cases of revenge, his was the result of a relationship gone bad. It wa s directed towards an ex- missfriend who had recently began dating one of his sozzled friends. After the break up, he was crushed. He took it very personally when his ex-girlfriend began dating one of his close friends. As a result, he ended up reservation threats against the new boyfriend and harassing his ex-girlfriend by hacking all of her social media accounts and deleting them.The end result of his actions lead to a sit down between the group, which resulted with the possibility of harassment charges. In his case, he got lucky, but it could have ended much worse had they chosen to press charges. Since then he has made the decision that it would be ruff for him and for them if he just cut them out of his life for the time being, so that is what he is doing. Relationship break ups are rarely mutual, and if they are it usually does not halt that way for great, with one person ending up regretting the decision more than they thought they would. This case goes to show that acti ng on feelings of revenge is not good for anyone. Of course having a successful act of revenge towards someone may feel very satisfy at commencement, but in the long hang on people tend to reminisce about the initial event and it leaves them feeling just as bad as they did when it happened. Something that many people should learn is that there is no way to change the past. There will always be a void in the mind when thinking about what happened. Revenge is a doomed attempt to eliminate shame and increase stature by asserting dominance. (EmotionalCompetency.com). This means that when we feel like taking revenge, it is just a stack we are trying to fill with confidence to make ourselves feel better. As humans, we do not want to lose face with the people we know, so we feel obliged to take action against the wrongdoer to balance the scale.Conversely, while many people would jump on the opportunity to get back at someone, some people are strong enough to not act on the urges of rev enge. It takes a strong person to let something go, and it takes an even stronger person to completely forgive. forbearance is the cancellation of deserved hostility and the substitution of friendlier attitudes. (Hughes 113). To forgive someone should be viewed as a type of release. When a person forgives another, they are releasing all of their anger and hostilityand opening the door to a renewed friendship, or at least an agreement to not interact again. Of course, tender-hearted someone will not always stop them from doing something else in the future, but it is still a good method to practice for yourself. Forgiveness has a discretionary nature, and the discretion belongs to the injured. (Hughes 113). Many times, the best way to get back at someone is to show them that they did not have as massive an effect over you as they were hoping. While forgiving someone will not give immediate satisfaction, it is usually better for a person to let something go than to dwell on it for a long period of time. In contrast, it may be wondered whether or not retribution is always such a bad thing in certain cases. In the case of Vicky, it seems like retribution may be something that she deserves.Ten years ago, Vicky, who was ten years old at the time, fell victim to her father, who recorded many videos of her performing sex acts with him and even made her act out scripts. Her real name as well as her fathers name was redacted from the court of justice documents, however the case ended with her father being sentenced to fifty years in prison. Prosecutors from Vickys case have said that While she continues to try to live a normal life, Vicky carries emotional burdens which continually get in her way. (OpposingViewpoints.com). Needless to say, this case is an extreme one, which begs the question as to whether or not retribution is something that Vicky is right in seeking. It would seem outlandish for anyone to blame her for making the people who download the videos of her pay for her therapy. In this case, it may be best to let the victim act out what they feel, because very few people can truly understand what it is that Vicky has been through and continues to go through everyday. Not surprisingly, the entertainment industry has quite an interest in the topic of revenge. Some of the about popular shows that air on television relate to the theme of revenge in one way or another.In Breaking Bad, there are episodes toward the end where one character wants revenge very badly on another character, and it ends up pose him in a monumentally worse position than he was at before. There are countless other shows with similar themes. Many popular movies do this as well. The film series Kill Bill by Quentin Tarantino pretty much revolves around that subject entirely. It can be wondered what it is that makes movies and television shows about revenge so popular with people, and the most likely answer lies in our society as a whole. A thirstfor vengeance is a f eeling everyone is familiar with and it is satisfying for us to watch others achieve it. Overall, revenge is a very common theme throughout the world we live in. It is something that is unlikely to change because it is just how we are wired. As humans, we can not help but get feelings of anger and retribution when we are wronged, but it should at least be known that most of the time, the actual act will only make a person feel worse than they did before in the long run. Society as a whole should be more accepting of the method of forgiveness as opposed to revenge as this is the only way to truly move on. In taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy but in passing it over, he is superior. (Sir Francis Bacon. EmotionalCompetency.com)Work CitedPoe, Edgar A. The Cask of Amontillado (1846) Web 03 Dec. 2013. This is one of Edgar Allan Poes Classic tales about revenge. I used this story as a starting off point for the theme of my essay, which revolves around revenge. This informatio n is in my first body paragraph which dissects the story.Poe, Edgar A. Hop-Frog (1850). Web 05 Dec. 2013 http//www.eapoe.org/works/tales/hopfrgb.htm. This is another Edgar Allan Poe story which also focuses on revenge. I used this story to show that in many stories revenge is a very common theme. This information is in my second body paragraph which dissects the story.Stillwell, Arlene. Baumeister Roy, and Del Priore, Regan. Basic and Applied Social Psychology Were all Victims here Toward a Psychology of Revenge. (2008) 253-263. Web 06 Dec. 2013. Academic Library- Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. This article informs the psychology revolving around revenge and does studies involving the subject. I used this article to help explain the psychology behind feelings of revenge. This information is in my third body paragraph.Hughes, Martin. Analysis Forgiveness. (1975) 113-117 Web 06 Dec. 2013. Academic Library- JSTOR. In this entry, Hughes explains the concept of forgiveness and wha t it truly means. This information is used in the part of my essay that explains forgiveness.Chavez, Adriana M. Online Child Pornography Can Harm Victims for Life. (2013) Web 06 Dec. 2013. Academic Library- Opposing Viewpoints. This article goes over the case of a girl who was sexually abused as a child and explains what she has gone through since the incident. This information is used in the paragraph that wonders if revenge is always such a bad thing in certain situations.Sanders, Katie. Revenge gone wrong Teen driver crashes into New Port Richey home. Tampa Bay Times. 05 Mar. 2010. Web 06 Dec. 2013. This article reports a case of revenge gone wrong in the form of a girl attempting to throw eggs at an ex-boyfriends car and causing a lot of property damage in the process. This information is used in the essays paragraph that explains how revenge can go wrong.Revenge getting Even No author listed. EmotionalCompetency.com ND. Web 06 Dec. 2013. This web page helps further explain some of the concepts of revenge and forgiveness. This information is used in my essays paragraphs involving forgiveness. I also use a quote about revenge from this page.Anonymous. Personal Interview. 05 Dec. 2013.This is an interview i did of a friend who wanted to remain unnamed about a time he seeked revenge against an ex-girlfriend. I use this information in the area that involves revenge going wrong.

Planet of Slums Essay

As the sprawling sky rocketed buildings, and electrifying industries began to show the dreams of unlimited potentials, our eyes are yet to produce nasty travails of the urban life in all its vicissitude. 2005 was a witness to the ever increase in population in cities- expecting to reach 10 jillion mark in 2050, but majority of them confined in the areas characterized by crumbling houses, dirty water, unhygienic environment, and very minimum sources and nothing in the name of societal services, and ever increasing unemployment rate.These are slum areas of the urban cities where maximum of migrants from villages and small towns find their place. Planet of Slums by Mike Davis is an exploration of these dark corners of the most virtualized urban cities and, also reflects his deep commitment for raising our consciousness towards the real causes behind the unprecedented growth of these slum areas. He analyzed the grim view of this international phenomenon over the past half-century and what this billion strong slum population had in store for political future.From as far as places uniform Brazil to recent Guinea, and from Senegal to Pakistan, rural folks are leaving their traditional occupation and landing in the slums of the urban cites for new growth and income opportunities in new occupational arenas. In countries like Africa and Latin America, people flocked to cities to escape from either the war or famine or got attracted by the income growth in factories producing clothes like t-shirts, sneakers, and toothbrushes neer heard of before.Though the impact of migration process is being felt since the first industrial revolution, yet the conditions and the environment they have been staying in truly reflect their shattered dreams. They dream of getting luxuriant but what they are gaining in cities like Manchester, Chicago, Tokyo and Mumbai are their unending lives in dirty towns and squatter camps.Guldins grammatical case study of Southern China exposes the point that it is not only the cities which are being developed but it is also the vice versa, Villagers become more like market and xiang towns, and county towns and small cities become more like large cities. (Davis 2006 9) Many countries are also witness to the bubbling city lives reaching at the door of the rural folks in their own villages or towns.It has quite happened in Malaysia where journalist SeaBrook highlighted the fate of several fishermen, Engulfed by urbanization without migrating, their lives overturned, even while remain on the spot where they were born. (Davis 2006 9) The lives of fishermen had all been uprooted by the new waves of urbanization, which cut off their homes from sea due to new highway, polluted their fishing ponds due to urban waste, and deforested the neighbor hill nerves to construct apartment blocks.Johannesburg is maven of the many cities, which is a witness to the degeneration of soil owing to continuous inebriated mining. More than half of the non-white population is hold up at informal settlements in areas where there is abundant of toxic waste and chronic ground. But the most classic case recorded by Davis is Mumbai in India, where the people earning higher level of income own 90 per cent of land whereas poor people are overcrowded.CBC News correspondent drafted a imagine of the third largest city in the world after Tokyo and Mexico. Mumbai has 10 million people with majority of the population belonging to slum areas and the Dharavi at the vicinity of Mumbai is considered to be the largest slum in Asia. (Benoit 2006 Online) The lands where the slums are developed are the most valuable real estate areas but all are illegal and every day government vehicles come in one part of the slum areas or to the next for the demolition and every time they are established again.several(prenominal) times, state had tried to enter into deal with private individuals for the redevelopment of the lands and for providing new houses for slum dwellers but this process has been unsuccessful. These slum dwellers are the backbone of the city Mumbai providing the grok for menial jobs like train operators, construction workers, factory workers etc. Davis said that, These polarized patterns of land use and population density recapitulate older logics of imperial bidding and racial dominance. (Escobar 2007 27)Even though the economies of mega cities like Lagos, Kinshasa, and Dar Es Salaam have been deteriorating or remaining stagnant still since last many years, these cities have been unceasingly attracting new arrivals. Davis attempted to focus on the reasons behind the growth of slums that had been the matter of concern for economists since many years. The debt crises of 1970s and 1980s, and the restructuring of the exploitation economies in third world by International Monetary Fund during 1980s have been the main culprits.During the mid seventies, universe of discourse Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began to grant loans to the developing nations on the conditions of structural adjustment policies. The term denotes the changes in the policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the creative activity Bank for granting the new loans at lower rate of interest to the developing countries with certain conditions. The conditions are levied to ensure the proper use of the money lended and to reduce fiscal imbalance of borrowing countries.The developing nations had to privatize their national services part and infrastructure, devalue their currencies, initiate in the growth of crops for exports, and remove the subsidies and this had a direct impact on the local farmers and manufacturers who were forced to enter into competition with the First public agribusiness and corporations. Davis evoked, Rapid urban growth in the context of structural adjustment, currency devaluation, and state retrenchment has been an inevitable recipe for the mass production of slums (Davis 2 006 17).The World Bank and IMF became a part of the capitalist system in the international scenario subsequently supported by Reagan, Thatcher, and Kohl (Davis 2006 153). According to Davis, Debt has been the forcing-house of an epochal transfer of power from trey World nations to the Bretton Woods institutions World Bank and IMF control conditionled by the US and other core capitalist countries The World Banks professional staff are the postmodern equivalent of a colonial civil service (Davis 2006 153-4).The global forces with their weapons of the deregulation and mechanization of agriculture, and promotion of the consolidation of smallholdings into large ones created the surplus of rural labour forcing them to make the urban slums their terminal destination, as the job market in the cities became on the verge of extinction. In Davis own words, Over-urbanization is driven by the reproduction of poverty, not by the supply of jobs. This is one of the unexpected tracks down which a neo-liberal world nine is shunting the future (Davis 2006 16).It is not only rural folks but also import substitution industries, public sectors, and middle classes felt an impact. (Davis 2006 16) Millions of city-dwellers were directly pushed into poverty due to Neo-liberalism. But along with this, the same policies that had shattered the small public sector enterprises gave boost to the private enterprises, importers, armament personnel and many leading players controlling political circles.Besides undertaking economic consideration, Davis espouses upon the various social, religious, ethnic and political movements devising their presence felt at the every corner of the dwelling of urban poor. For e. g. the resistance movement of Islam at the Casablanca and Cairo, street gangs dominating the streets of Cape-town and San Salvador, the movement Pentecostalism at Kinshasa and Rio de Janeiro, and revolutionary movement at capital of Venezuela and La Paz became hallmark of the new movement initiated by Ameri bed regime as their war over terrorism.But this war was nothing but a setting of a stage of a long prolonged war between the American regime and the slum dwellers. Going with the UN-Habitat Report, Challenge of Slums, which went public in 2003, Davis emphasized the final aspect to the whole holocaust that lay behind the growth of an ugly phase of the urbanization. He cited the Retreat of the State, as the main jobless reason for the increase in poverty and unequal division of income and wealth during 1980s and 1990s. Davis 2006 154) These state of affairs led to the development of the virtual democracy, whereby all the control of the macro-economic policies of Third World nations are controlled from Washington. (Davis 2006 154) Adding to the cause also is the corruption among leaderships, institutional failures and structural adjustment programs that eventually led to the transfer of wealth from poor to rich nations.Besides, haphazard way of the develop ing of roads and increasing traffic beckoned the environmentalists towards the extensive amount of population and ever-growth of the rows of slums near the roadsides and railways tracks. Initially Davis was going to give title of his book, The World Is a Ghetto, but the motive of the writer was to bring to the notice of the world the changes that had emerged in the global scenario though appearing to be on the development side yet it is a false notion as amidst the high rise buildings, industries, hotels and restaurants, zooming vehicles on the road, there are darker corners we often ignore.These slums are posing the problems of imperial order and social control that began to come to the notice of geopolitics. In a deep ironic note, Davis says if America aims to leash out the terrorists into the social and cultural periphery, it would be making the poor developing cities as permanent battlefields. Planet of Slums is an eye opener for the world imperialistic orders to make them analy ze the fact that no city can virtually grow on wealth alone.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Dialectical Journal Essay

Historical Context First published in England in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Naturalism (c. 1865-1900) A illumineerary motion that utilize detailed realism to suggest that social biteditions, heredity, and environment had unavoidable force in shaping human character. Protagonist huckabackleberry Finn was young boy in the late nineteenth century coming of age. He viewed is surroundings practic onlyy and logically with fall out judgments. His socially simple-minded self gives the novel a satirical humor. enemy The rules and laws of Society in Adventures of huckleberry Finn makes huckaback scale downk its ways of life are the right way and when he doesnt follow them he is doing wrong. By doing so huck declares himself a traitor and villain, and says if this is wrong then I will go to hell for it because I think it is right. huck follows his conscience and what he thinks is right by lying, cheating, and stealing throughout the novel. Plot Summary huck Finn has been adopted by the Widow Douglas, who lives with her sister, Miss Watson.Both of the women try to sivilize him by send him to church and school and teaching him cleanliness and manners. Hucks drunken father Pap returns to t induce demanding Hucks money. Judge Thatcher and the Widow try to own legal custody of Huck. Pap kidnaps Huck and keeps him in a cabin across the multiple sclerosis River form St. Petersburg, Missouri. When Pap leaves the cabin he locks Huck in and beats him when he returns drunk. Huck escapes Pap and the cabin by faking his own death. He hides on Jacksons Island in the middle of the Mississippi River. Huck runs into Jim, Miss Watsons slave in the woods and they stay together.Huck and Jim find a luck and house floating down the river. A unfounded body is in the house just now Jim refuses to permit Huck see the mans face. They start downriver in the raft and run into con workman, slave capturers, and many other situations. Jim is sold, Tom and Huc k try to get him back, and Huck finds out Pap is dead. Huck decides to go West. Themes Racism and Slavery struggle between civilization and natural life Symbols The Mississippi River in the novel represents freedom because as Huck and Jim travel alone on their raft, they have no one to answer to but each other.The river can also symbolize the delights and dangers of life because Huck and Jim also encounter evils from people of the towns a long the river. The fog as Huck and Jim travel along the Mississippi represent the complex problems that make it difficult to achieve lifes goals. Motifs Childhood Hucks puerility excuses him from some of his actions throughout the novel. In some cases he tends to know right from wrong more than the adults in the novel do even though he lacks the guidance that a family and community should have provided.Lies and Cons Throughout the novel Huck lies and cons many people. He soon realizes that lying can be secure, depending on its purpose. Huck also realizes that some things he has learned contradict what is right. Superstitions and Folk Beliefs Jim tells Huck many superstitions and folktales. At first they seem crazy but end up having some basis of reality. Jims superstitions serve as a different view of social teachings and assumptions that provide a reminder that mainstream is not always right. direct of View Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is in first person as Huck narrates the novel.Structure The plot of the story flows around bends, through darkness and fog, and into bright sunlight however desire the Mississippi River itself. The novel is full of surprises and stories that brings the characters values to light for the ratifier. The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshe ad again, and was free and satisfied.But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a hatful of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back. (Twain 5) In this quote from the first page of the word of honor Huck describes what has happened since The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He introduces his opposition of the Widow Douglas sivilizing him. He is a young boy who wants his freedom, which may seem normal for a boy his age, but we soon realize this opposition is based on observations of the monastic order in which he lives.This quote is important because it gives you the basis for Hucks reason of wanting his freedom and why he wants to leave and be on his own. It also shows why Huck lies throughout the novel. Huck doesnt agree with the ideas that society views as right, which causes him to decide whether to do the wrong things when he listens to what his conscience says, or do societys right things. This is important be cause it influences his decisions he makes on his adventures as he travels down the Mississippi River and encounters many people of the towns along the river banks.This quote is important for the reader because it gives us background information before the story begins to make what has and is occurring. It also gives the reader insight to Hucks attitude towards his life and society. Pap he hadnt been seen for more than a year, and that was comfortable for me I didnt want to see him no more. He used to always whale me when he was sober and could get his hands on me though I used to fill up to the woods most of the time when he was around.(Twain 14)I borrowed three dollars form Judge Thatcher, and Pap took it and got drunk and went-a-blowing around and cussing and whooping and carrying on (Twain 23) This quote shows that Hucks father would leave town for long periods of time often and he was used to it. He used to beat Huck, when he would come home. Huck didnt like his father and w as fine with not seeing him. He would go in the woods when Pap came to town to stay away from him to give over from the beatings. This explains why the Widow Doulgas adopted Huck because he needed someone to care for him and teach him the right as he grows into a young man.This helps the reader understands why Huck acts the way he does when his father later appears back in town. Huck gives his father money to get him to go away and go get drunk like he always does. Huck also could not want his father around because his actions are very embarrassing. I would be embarrassed if my parents were alcoholics and went around town do trouble and being obnoxious. I think Paps blowing around and cussing and whooping and carrying on is annoying because he does this when he comes to town and gets drunk.When we was ready to shove off we was a quarter of a mile below the island, and it was pretty broad day so I do Jim lay down in the canoe and cover up with a quilt, because if he set up people could tell he was a ringtail a good ways off. (Twain 49) In this quote I realize Huck does see a big difference between his white fight and Jims black skin by making him lay down in the canoe so he wont be seen from far off. I didnt understand how people would be able to tell the difference between Huck and Jims skin color far off.I also dont understand if Huck didnt agree with slavery and racism why he would care if the people saw Jim with him in the raft. Maybe Huck hid Jim because he didnt want anyone to know they were on the island? I dont think Jim wouldve been seen from far away. If Huck was so distressed about him being seen then they shouldnt be traveling in the daylight. I hadnt had a bite to eat since yesterday, so Jim he got out some corn-dodgers and buttermilk, and pork and cabbage and greens-there aint nothing in the world so good when its cooked right-and whilst I eat my supper we talked and had a good time.We said there warnt no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so fix up and smothery, but a raft dont. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. (Twain 107) I noticed Huck and Jim actually like being in the raft on the river. The raft symbolizes the freedom they both want. On the raft, they are able to be themselves and not headache about others judging them or telling them what to do. They say everywhere else theyve been seems so cramped and smothery. I think they feel this way because everywhere else they have to aline to society.For example when the Widow Douglas made Huck wear nice clothes and go to school and church because everyone else did it and society thought that was the rig ht way. Also, Jim was a slave to Miss Watson and had to follow her orders because he was black and thats what he was expected to do. Huck and Jims relationship is interesting to me now because they both agree that the raft is home and society would never let this occur if they knew about it. I think the freedom of the raft added to the enjoyment of their simple dinner of cornbread and greens.It didnt take me long, though, to make up my mind that these liars warnt no kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds. But never said nothing, never let on its the best way then you dont have no quarrels, and dont get into no trouble. If they wanted us to call them kings and dukes, I had no objections, long as it would keep peace in the family and it warnt no use to tell Jim so I didnt tell him. If I had never learnt nothing else out of pap, I learnt that the best wat to get along with this kind of people is to let them have their ownway (Twain 115).I noticed that Huck is beginning to learn how to stay out of trouble. He also shows he wants to stay out of trouble. He doesnt say something to the cons because Jim told him not to, its because he is realizing the ways of society. I think he figures Ive already faked my death and I have a black with me causing a fight with them could get him and him caught and sent back to St. Petersburg. They dont want to go back to St. Petersburg because they have no freedom there like they have on the raft. I really like that Huck didnt say anything because it demonstrates that since he has left St.Petersburg and been living on his own with Jim he has matured. When Huck makes the decision to keep his mouth closed about the con artist not being dukes, I think he thought about the eudaemonia of Jim and how causing a fight with them could make Jim a slave again. I noticed Huck recognizes by saying he taught him to let con artist of people get their way. I thought this was ironic of him to give his father the recognition of actually teaching him something when he was always drunk and beating him. I was a trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it.I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself All right, then, Ill go to hell-and tore it up. It was awful thoughts, and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said and never thought no more about reforming. I shoved the whole thing out my head and said I would take up wickedness again, which was in my line, being brung up to it, and the other warnt. And for a starter, I would go to work and steal Jim out of slavery again and if I could think up anything worse, I would do that, too because as long as I was in, and in for good, I might as well go the whole hog.(Twain 195) Huck decides he is going to do the wrong thin g and free Jim from slavery again. Huck says again, because he thinks not turning Jim back in when he first found him in the woods was exit him from slavery. Id dont think Huck freed Jim form slavery. Jim escaped Miss Watson, on his own, Huck just so happened to find him in the woods an didnt turn him in. Back then Huck didnt think it was right for Jim to be a slave and he still doesnt agree with it. Since society has taught Huck that slavery is the right way, he condemns himself to hell even thou gh he is not doing the wrong thing.This is my favorite quote because it displays Huck character growth. It shows he has grown into his own person and doesnt conform to the ways of society when he feels they are wrong. This shows Huck has matured since he began his embark down the Mississippi River. This quote is a little humorous to me because Huck basically says if going to do badly, I might as well be totally bad. tied(p) though Huck isnt doing the wrong thing by freeing Jim, I like that he is conscience there is a right and wrong.